Anthemis nobilis
Scientific Name: Chamomile
Other Names: Genuine chamomile, German Chamomile, Goberneradora, Hungarian chamomile, Matricaria chamomilla, Roman Chamomile
Should I take it?
German chamomile is native to southern Europe, northern Africa, and parts of Asia, but it now grows in most temperate climates. Its feathery leaves and white and yellow, daisy-like flowers appear on annual plants that grow to about two feet in height. Its flowers have a smell described variously as slightly like apples or pineapple. The plants spread rapidly--making them a nuisance weed for farmers and gardeners. Steam distilling German chamomile flowers produces thick, dark bluish-green oil that may fade to a tan color after several months. The effectiveness and distinct smell of German chamomile oil do not diminish over time, however.
English (Roman) chamomile flowers are very similar to those of German chamomile--with white petals surrounding a yellow center, but the plants are much different. English chamomile is a ground-covering perennial that seldom grows taller than about one foot. Its branches are covered in short fuzz. Believed to have originated in northern Europe, it grows in a much more limited area--primarily the cooler countries of Western Europe. Oil distilled from English chamomile is lighter in color, aroma, and consistency than German chamomile oil.
The flowers of either chamomile species are gathered during the summer when the plants are in full bloom. Most commonly, they are dried to be used for medicinal purposes, but chamomile flowers may also be distilled to produce oil that is used to flavor foods and also as an ingredient in cosmetics, shampoos, and soap. Chamomile may be added to stored foods or other dry goods to prevent the growth of fungus.
Dosage and Administration
Chamomile is usually taken as a tea that can be made by soaking 4 teaspoons of the dried flowers in about 6 ounces of boiling water for about 10 minutes. After the flowers are removed from the liquid, adults may take the warm or cooled tea up to four times a day. In clinical trials, infants were given tea no more than three times a day.
Commercial forms of chamomile are widely available. In the U.S., it generally comes as capsules, extracts, or tinctures. Extracts are concentrated liquid preparations usually made by soaking chopped or mashed plant parts in a liquid such as alcohol, and then the solid particles are filtered out. Tinctures are less concentrated than extracts, but they are prepared in a similar way. Full strength chamomile extract or tincture can be dropped under the tongue or diluted in a drink. Strengths and directions for use differ among chamomile products, so the directions on the package purchased should be followed.
For application to the skin, chamomile tea is prepared, cooled and applied as often as needed. In Europe and South America, chamomile creams and ointments are common, but they are not readily available in the United States.
To relieve stress, the essential oil of chamomile is used in aromatherapy (the use of fragrances to improve mood and maintain overall health). Also called volatile oils, essential oils possess the characteristic smell of the plant. They usually evaporate quickly at room temperature. Chamomile oil sold only for aromatherapy should not be taken by mouth.
Summary
Chamomile is used mainly to promote relaxation and sleep. It is also used for motion sickness and stomach upset. Applied topically, it soothes irritated tissue.
Risks
Because chamomile might make asthma worse, individuals with asthma should not take it. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also avoid chamomile because of possible negative effects to the fetus and infants . Chamomile should be kept away from the eyes to avoid eye irritation.
Side Effects
Few side effects are associated with taking chamomile, although when it is taken in high doses, vomiting may result.
Individuals allergic to daisies, chrysanthemums or ragweed may also experience allergic reactions to chamomile.
Interactions
Because it promotes sleepiness, chamomile can increase the sedation associated with certain prescription drugs, non-prescription drugs, and other dietary supplements. Care should be taken when using it at the same time as taking drugs for anxiety, colds and coughs, epilepsy, or insomnia. Many other medications cause drowsiness and chamomile can also interfere with the way the body breaks down drugs in the liver, so a doctor or pharmacist should be consulted before taking chamomile with any prescription, non-prescription, or herbal product.
Chamomile can also interfere with the way the body breaks down drugs in the liver. You should discuss your other medications with your doctor or pharmacist before you take chamomile.
Last Revised April 11, 2008
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Should I take it? 
